NUTMEG WHOLE

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Nutmeg Whole is the dried seed of Myristica fragrans, valued for its warm, sweet, nutty flavour and its mild sedative, digestive, analgesic, and neuroprotective properties. For the primary care physician, gastroenterologist, and neurologist, whole nutmeg serves as a traditional remedy for mild insomnia (in very small doses, ⅛ teaspoon grated), non‑infectious diarrhea, mild musculoskeletal pain, and as a potential cognitive support in mild cognitive impairment. For the patient, freshly grated nutmeg adds warmth to baked goods, creamy sauces, eggnog, rice pudding, and spiced beverages while soothing digestive discomfort, promoting sleep, and providing temporary pain relief. However, nutmeg is TOXIC in doses exceeding 1 teaspoon (approximately 2-3 grams) and can cause hallucinations, tachycardia, seizures, and death. Patients must be strictly counselled on safe dosing (a pinch or ⅛ teaspoon per day) and never use nutmeg as a recreational drug. Whole nutmeg seeds have a longer shelf life than ground powder and should be grated fresh as needed.

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Description

NUTMEG WHOLE

PRIMARY CLINICAL & DIAGNOSTIC USES

1. Management of Insomnia and Mild Sleep Disturbances
• Primary Use: Provides whole dried nutmeg seeds (Myristica fragrans) containing myristicin, elemicin, and other phenylpropanoids that have mild sedative and hypnotic properties. A very small amount (a pinch of freshly grated nutmeg, approximately ⅛ teaspoon) mixed with warm milk or water taken 30-60 minutes before bedtime may help promote sleep onset and improve sleep quality in patients with mild insomnia.
• How it helps: For the sleep medicine specialist and primary care physician, nutmeg has been used in traditional medicine (Ayurveda, Unani) as a natural sleep aid. The active compound myristicin is believed to interact with GABA receptors and inhibit monoamine oxidase (MAO), producing mild sedative effects. Patients must be warned that doses exceeding 1 teaspoon (approximately 2-3 grams) can cause toxicity, including hallucinations, tachycardia, nausea, and seizures. Nutmeg should never be used as a substitute for prescribed sleep medications without medical supervision, and the tiny dose required for sedation is critical.

2. Digestive Health and Management of Mild Diarrhea
• Primary Use: Nutmeg has astringent and carminative properties that help reduce intestinal motility, relieve flatulence, and manage mild, non‑infectious diarrhea by decreasing peristalsis and enhancing the absorption of water and electrolytes from the intestinal lumen.
• How it helps: For the gastroenterologist and primary care physician, the tannins and other astringent compounds in nutmeg help bind intestinal mucosa and reduce fluid secretion, making it useful for mild, chronic diarrhea (e.g., in irritable bowel syndrome) or traveler’s diarrhea as an adjunct to oral rehydration. The carminative effects (via volatile oils) also reduce bloating and abdominal cramping. For the patient, adding a very small pinch (⅛ teaspoon) of freshly grated nutmeg to warm milk, rice porridge, or applesauce can help firm stools and reduce cramping. Patients must be advised that nutmeg is not a substitute for antidiarrheal medications in severe or infectious diarrhea and that adequate fluid intake is essential.

3. Cognitive Support for Mild Cognitive Impairment (Traditional Use)
• Primary Use: Nutmeg contains compounds that may have neuroprotective and cognitive‑enhancing properties, including myristicin and macelignan, which have been shown in animal studies to inhibit acetylcholinesterase and reduce amyloid‑beta aggregation, suggesting potential benefits for mild cognitive impairment or early dementia.
• How it helps: For the neurologist and geriatrician, while human clinical trials are limited, traditional medicine systems have used nutmeg as a brain tonic. The inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (similar to some dementia medications) and antioxidant effects may support cognitive function. For the patient, including very small amounts of freshly grated nutmeg (⅛ teaspoon daily) in warm milk, oatmeal, or smoothies may be considered as a complementary approach alongside standard cognitive health measures (diet, exercise, mental stimulation). Patients must be warned that nutmeg is not a proven treatment for Alzheimer’s disease and should not replace prescribed medications.

3. Analgesic Properties for Mild Musculoskeletal Pain
• Primary Use: Nutmeg’s volatile oils (myristicin, eugenol) have mild analgesic and anti‑inflammatory properties that may help reduce mild joint pain, muscle aches, and arthritic discomfort when used topically (as a paste) or taken orally in very small doses.
• How it helps: For the rheumatologist and primary care physician, nutmeg has been used in traditional ointments for pain relief. The eugenol component has documented local anesthetic effects (similar to clove). For the patient, a paste of freshly grated nutmeg mixed with warm water, coconut oil, or sesame oil (1 part nutmeg to 3 parts carrier) can be applied topically to sore muscles or arthritic joints for temporary relief. Orally, a very small amount (⅛ teaspoon) in warm milk may provide mild systemic analgesia. Patients must be warned that topical application of undiluted nutmeg powder can cause skin irritation and that high oral doses are toxic.

SECONDARY & SUPPORTIVE USES

1. Management of nausea and vomiting (traditional use, very small amounts): A pinch of freshly grated nutmeg (⅛ teaspoon) mixed with ginger or honey may help reduce nausea, especially in motion sickness or morning sickness (small amounts only, with medical supervision). Patients must not exceed the minimal dose, as higher doses can cause the opposite effect (nausea).

2. Antimicrobial activity against oral pathogens: The eugenol and other phenolic compounds in nutmeg have mild antimicrobial activity. A very small amount of freshly grated nutmeg added to homemade toothpaste or used as a mouth rinse (a pinch in warm water) may help reduce oral bacteria and freshen breath.

3. Flavor enhancer for low‑sodium diets in hypertensive patients: The warm, sweet, slightly nutty flavour of freshly grated nutmeg allows patients to reduce added salt in creamy soups, béchamel sauces, egg dishes, and baked goods, supporting sodium restriction in hypertension management.

4. Natural remedy for bad breath (halitosis): Chewing a very small piece of whole nutmeg or adding a pinch of freshly grated nutmeg to warm water as a mouth rinse may temporarily freshen breath due to its aromatic volatile oils and mild antimicrobial activity.

5. Topical exfoliant for dry skin (diluted paste, with caution): A paste of freshly grated nutmeg mixed with honey or yoghurt (1:10 dilution) can be used as a gentle exfoliating scrub for dry, flaky skin. Patients should test a small area first, as nutmeg can be irritating to sensitive skin.

6. Aphrodisiac (traditional use, limited evidence): In traditional medicine systems (Ayurveda, Unani), nutmeg has been used as a mild aphrodisiac to enhance libido and treat sexual dysfunction. Scientific evidence is lacking, and patients should use very small amounts (a pinch) if trying this application.

7. Natural insect repellent (environmental use): Whole nutmeg seeds can be placed in cupboards to repel moths and insects due to their strong aromatic volatile oils. Not for ingestion in this application.

KEY PRODUCT FEATURES

1. BASIC IDENTIFICATION ATTRIBUTES

Device Type: Whole dried seeds of the nutmeg tree (Myristica fragrans).
Designation: Nutmeg Whole, Jaiphal (whole), Nutmeg Seed.
Key Components: Whole dried nutmeg seed. Major bioactive compounds: myristicin (4-8%), elemicin, safrole, eugenol, macelignan, lignans.

2. TECHNICAL & PERFORMANCE PROPERTIES

Physical Form: Whole, oval, hard seed, approximately 20-30 mm in length, light brown to dark brown with a wrinkled surface.
Flavor Profile: Warm, sweet, nutty, slightly piney, with a characteristic aromatic and slightly bitter aftertaste.
Myristicin Content: 4-8% (primary bioactive responsible for sedative and psychoactive effects at high doses).
Toxic Dose: More than 1 teaspoon of ground nutmeg (approximately 2-3 grams) can cause toxicity (hallucinations, tachycardia, seizures, liver damage). Fatalities reported at 5-10 grams (2-4 teaspoons).
Shelf Life (unopened): 24-48 months when stored in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight. Whole seeds retain potency significantly longer than ground nutmeg.
Shelf Life (opened): Best used within 12-24 months; store in an airtight container. Grate only as needed.
Packaging: Available in glass jars, plastic jars, stand‑up resealable pouches, or bulk bags. Common sizes include 25 g, 50 g, 100 g, 200 g, and 500 g.
Allergen Information: Naturally free from common allergens. May be processed in facilities that handle nuts, wheat, mustard, or other spices.

3. SAFETY & COMPLIANCE ATTRIBUTES

Regulatory Status: General food seasoning. In Kenya, subject to KEBS (Kenya Bureau of Standards) food safety regulations for spices and seasonings.
Allergen Information: Generally free from major allergens. Suitable for most individuals.
Toxicity Risk — Hallucinations, Seizures, Liver Damage (Critical Warning): Nutmeg is toxic in doses exceeding 1 teaspoon of ground nutmeg (approximately 2-3 grams). Symptoms of toxicity include nausea, dry mouth, tachycardia, agitation, hallucinations, seizures, and acute psychosis, typically occurring 3-6 hours after ingestion. Severe overdose can cause liver failure, respiratory depression, coma, and death. Patients must be strictly counselled to NEVER exceed ¼ teaspoon (a pinch) of grated nutmeg per day. Nutmeg should NOT be used as a recreational drug. Keep whole seeds and ground nutmeg out of reach of children. If accidental overdose occurs, seek emergency medical attention immediately.
Psychoactive Effects (High Doses): Nutmeg contains myristicin, which has weak monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) and anticholinergic properties. At high doses (≥1-2 teaspoons ground), it can cause hallucinations, depersonalization, and euphoria, followed by severe dysphoria and panic. These effects are unpredictable and dangerous.
Pregnancy and Breastfeeding: Avoid medicinal or high doses of nutmeg during pregnancy (uterine stimulant effects possible). Culinary amounts (a pinch in food) are generally considered safe. Breastfeeding mothers should avoid large doses.
Drug Interactions — MAOIs, SSRIs, Anticoagulants (Theoretical): Nutmeg contains weak MAOIs and may interact with prescription antidepressants (MAOIs, SSRIs, SNRIs), potentially causing serotonin syndrome. It may also have mild antiplatelet effects. Patients on these medications should use nutmeg only in small culinary amounts and consult their physician.
Children and Elderly: Extreme caution required. Very small amounts (a pinch, less than ⅛ teaspoon) may be used in cooking for children over 2 years. Never give medicinal doses to children. Elderly patients may be more sensitive to toxic effects.
Choking Hazard (Whole Seed): The whole nutmeg seed is hard and could pose a choking risk if swallowed whole. It is meant to be grated, not consumed whole. Keep out of reach of young children.
Sodium Content: Contains no sodium. Suitable for low‑sodium diets.
Quality Assurance: Manufactured under GMP (Good Manufacturing Practices) and subject to quality control for microbial contaminants, heavy metals, aflatoxins, and pesticide residues per local regulations.

4. STORAGE & HANDLING ATTRIBUTES

Storage: Store in a cool, dry place, away from heat, humidity, and direct sunlight. Do not refrigerate (condensation may cause mould). Use an airtight container.
Shelf Life: Refer to "best by" date on the package. Whole seeds retain potency for up to 3-4 years; grated nutmeg loses potency faster.
Usage: Grate only as needed using a fine grater or microplane. Use a clean, dry utensil to remove whole seeds from the container. Avoid introducing moisture.
Inspection: Discard if mould, off‑odour (rancid or musty), insect infestation, or significant colour change is observed.

SAFETY HANDLING PRECAUTIONS

1. SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

Critical Toxicity Warning — Hallucinations, Seizures, Death with Overdose: Nutmeg is TOXIC in doses exceeding 1 teaspoon of ground nutmeg (approximately 2-3 grams). Symptoms of poisoning include nausea, vomiting, dizziness, dry mouth, tachycardia, agitation, hallucinations (often unpleasant), depersonalization, confusion, seizures, and acute psychosis. Severe overdose can cause liver failure, respiratory depression, coma, and death. The toxic dose varies between individuals; some people experience severe toxicity at 2 grams (about ¾ teaspoon). Advise patients to NEVER exceed ¼ teaspoon (a pinch) of freshly grated nutmeg in 24 hours. Keep whole nutmeg seeds and ground nutmeg out of reach of children. If accidental ingestion of more than ½ teaspoon of ground nutmeg occurs, seek emergency medical attention immediately. Do not induce vomiting unless directed by poison control.
Do Not Use as a Recreational Drug: Nutmeg has gained notoriety as a cheap hallucinogen, but its effects are unpredictable (often dysphoric and unpleasant), the onset is delayed (3-6 hours), and the risk of severe toxicity, including seizures and liver damage, is high. Healthcare providers should actively counsel at‑risk adolescents and young adults against this dangerous practice.
Drug Interactions — MAOIs, SSRIs, Antidepressants: Nutmeg has weak MAO‑inhibiting properties. Patients taking prescription antidepressants (MAOIs, SSRIs, SNRIs, tricyclics) may be at risk of serotonin syndrome (agitation, confusion, tachycardia, hypertension, hyperthermia) if consuming large amounts of nutmeg. Culinary amounts (a pinch) are likely safe, but patients should avoid concentrated or medicinal doses and inform their psychiatrist.
Pregnancy — Uterine Stimulant (High Doses): At high doses, nutmeg may stimulate uterine contractions. Pregnant women should avoid large doses (more than a pinch in food). Culinary amounts in baked goods or sauces are generally considered safe, but patients should consult their obstetrician.
Liver Disease — Increased Toxicity Risk: Patients with pre‑existing liver disease (hepatitis, cirrhosis) may be more susceptible to nutmeg's hepatotoxic effects at lower doses. Advise very limited use (a pinch occasionally) or avoidance.
Seizure Disorders — Lowered Seizure Threshold: High doses of nutmeg may lower the seizure threshold. Patients with epilepsy or other seizure disorders should use nutmeg in very small amounts only.
Children — Extreme Vulnerability: Children are more sensitive to nutmeg toxicity. A child ingesting 1-2 grams (approximately ½ to 1 teaspoon of ground nutmeg) could experience severe toxicity. Keep nutmeg seeds and ground nutmeg in a locked cabinet or out of reach. Do not give "medicinal" doses of nutmeg to children for any reason.
Elderly — Increased Sensitivity: Elderly patients may be more sensitive to the sedative, anticholinergic, and cardiovascular effects of nutmeg. Advise using very small amounts (a pinch).
Choking Hazard — Whole Seed: The whole nutmeg seed is hard and could be swallowed by a child, posing a choking or intestinal obstruction risk. Always store whole nutmeg seeds out of reach of young children.
Inhalation Hazard (Grated Dust): When grating nutmeg, fine dust can cause coughing or throat irritation. Grate away from the face, in a well‑ventilated area.
Training Requirement: Healthcare providers (primary care physicians, pharmacists, emergency physicians) must educate patients on the severe toxicity risk of nutmeg overdose, the importance of never exceeding ¼ teaspoon grated per day, the dangers of recreational use, and the need to keep nutmeg out of reach of children. Provide poison control center contact information.

2. FIRST AID MEASURES

Ingestion (Suspected Overdose, more than ½ teaspoon of ground nutmeg): If a patient, especially a child, ingests more than ½ teaspoon of ground nutmeg (or an equivalent amount of freshly grated nutmeg), do not induce vomiting. Call poison control immediately (or emergency services). Bring the nutmeg container to the hospital. Monitor for symptoms: nausea, agitation, hallucinations, seizures, tachycardia.
Hallucinations or Agitation (Acute Toxicity): If a patient experiences hallucinations, confusion, or agitation after nutmeg ingestion, seek emergency medical care immediately. Do not leave the patient alone. Provide a calm, quiet environment. Do not attempt to restrain unless necessary for safety.
Seizures: If the patient has a seizure, protect the head, clear the area of hard objects, do not put anything in the mouth, and call emergency services. Time the seizure duration.
Inhalation (Grated Nutmeg Dust): If accidental inhalation causes coughing or respiratory irritation, move to fresh air. Seek medical attention if wheezing or difficulty breathing develops.
Eye Contact: If powder particles enter the eyes, flush immediately with copious amounts of cool water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation persists, seek medical advice.
Skin Irritation (Topical Use): If skin becomes irritated after applying nutmeg paste, wash the affected area with cool water and mild soap. Discontinue topical use.
Allergic Reaction (Rare): If hives, facial swelling, difficulty breathing, or vomiting occur after ingestion, discontinue use and administer epinephrine if prescribed. Seek immediate emergency medical care.

3. FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES

Flammability: As a dry, organic product, Whole Nutmeg seeds are combustible and will burn if exposed to an open flame or high heat. The volatile oils make them flammable. Standard kitchen fire safety measures apply.
Extinguishing Media: Use water, foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide (CO₂) for fires involving spice products.
Fire Response: For a small fire in the kitchen (e.g., on a stovetop), turn off the heat source and cover with a pot lid or use a fire extinguisher. For larger fires, evacuate and call emergency services.
Special Protective Equipment for Firefighters: Firefighters should wear self‑contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) when fighting fires involving large quantities of spices, as combustion products may include acrid smoke and respiratory irritants.

NUTMEG WHOLE

NUTMEG WHOLE

PRIMARY CLINICAL & DIAGNOSTIC USES

SECONDARY & SUPPORTIVE USES

3. Flavor enhancer for low‑sodium diets in hypertensive patients: The warm, sweet, slightly nutty flavour of freshly grated nutmeg allows patients to reduce added salt in creamy soups, béchamel sauces, egg dishes, and baked goods, supporting sodium restriction in hypertension management.

4. Natural remedy for bad breath (halitosis): Chewing a very small piece of whole nutmeg or adding a pinch of freshly grated nutmeg to warm water as a mouth rinse may temporarily freshen breath due to its aromatic volatile oils and mild antimicrobial activity.

5. Topical exfoliant for dry skin (diluted paste, with caution): A paste of freshly grated nutmeg mixed with honey or yoghurt (1:10 dilution) can be used as a gentle exfoliating scrub for dry, flaky skin. Patients should test a small area first, as nutmeg can be irritating to sensitive skin.

7. Natural insect repellent (environmental use): Whole nutmeg seeds can be placed in cupboards to repel moths and insects due to their strong aromatic volatile oils. Not for ingestion in this application.

1. BASIC IDENTIFICATION ATTRIBUTES

Device Type: Whole dried seeds of the nutmeg tree (Myristica fragrans).

Designation: Nutmeg Whole, Jaiphal (whole), Nutmeg Seed.

Key Components: Whole dried nutmeg seed. Major bioactive compounds: myristicin (4-8%), elemicin, safrole, eugenol, macelignan, lignans.

2. TECHNICAL & PERFORMANCE PROPERTIES

Physical Form: Whole, oval, hard seed, approximately 20-30 mm in length, light brown to dark brown with a wrinkled surface.

Flavor Profile: Warm, sweet, nutty, slightly piney, with a characteristic aromatic and slightly bitter aftertaste.

Myristicin Content: 4-8% (primary bioactive responsible for sedative and psychoactive effects at high doses).

Toxic Dose: More than 1 teaspoon of ground nutmeg (approximately 2-3 grams) can cause toxicity (hallucinations, tachycardia, seizures, liver damage). Fatalities reported at 5-10 grams (2-4 teaspoons).

Shelf Life (unopened): 24-48 months when stored in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight. Whole seeds retain potency significantly longer than ground nutmeg.

Shelf Life (opened): Best used within 12-24 months; store in an airtight container. Grate only as needed.

Packaging: Available in glass jars, plastic jars, stand‑up resealable pouches, or bulk bags. Common sizes include 25 g, 50 g, 100 g, 200 g, and 500 g.

Allergen Information: Naturally free from common allergens. May be processed in facilities that handle nuts, wheat, mustard, or other spices.

3. SAFETY & COMPLIANCE ATTRIBUTES

Regulatory Status: General food seasoning. In Kenya, subject to KEBS (Kenya Bureau of Standards) food safety regulations for spices and seasonings.

Allergen Information: Generally free from major allergens. Suitable for most individuals.

Pregnancy and Breastfeeding: Avoid medicinal or high doses of nutmeg during pregnancy (uterine stimulant effects possible). Culinary amounts (a pinch in food) are generally considered safe. Breastfeeding mothers should avoid large doses.

Children and Elderly: Extreme caution required. Very small amounts (a pinch, less than ⅛ teaspoon) may be used in cooking for children over 2 years. Never give medicinal doses to children. Elderly patients may be more sensitive to toxic effects.

Choking Hazard (Whole Seed): The whole nutmeg seed is hard and could pose a choking risk if swallowed whole. It is meant to be grated, not consumed whole. Keep out of reach of young children.

Sodium Content: Contains no sodium. Suitable for low‑sodium diets.

Quality Assurance: Manufactured under GMP (Good Manufacturing Practices) and subject to quality control for microbial contaminants, heavy metals, aflatoxins, and pesticide residues per local regulations.

4. STORAGE & HANDLING ATTRIBUTES

Storage: Store in a cool, dry place, away from heat, humidity, and direct sunlight. Do not refrigerate (condensation may cause mould). Use an airtight container.

Shelf Life: Refer to "best by" date on the package. Whole seeds retain potency for up to 3-4 years; grated nutmeg loses potency faster.

Usage: Grate only as needed using a fine grater or microplane. Use a clean, dry utensil to remove whole seeds from the container. Avoid introducing moisture.

Inspection: Discard if mould, off‑odour (rancid or musty), insect infestation, or significant colour change is observed.

1. SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

Pregnancy — Uterine Stimulant (High Doses): At high doses, nutmeg may stimulate uterine contractions. Pregnant women should avoid large doses (more than a pinch in food). Culinary amounts in baked goods or sauces are generally considered safe, but patients should consult their obstetrician.

Liver Disease — Increased Toxicity Risk: Patients with pre‑existing liver disease (hepatitis, cirrhosis) may be more susceptible to nutmeg's hepatotoxic effects at lower doses. Advise very limited use (a pinch occasionally) or avoidance.

Seizure Disorders — Lowered Seizure Threshold: High doses of nutmeg may lower the seizure threshold. Patients with epilepsy or other seizure disorders should use nutmeg in very small amounts only.

Elderly — Increased Sensitivity: Elderly patients may be more sensitive to the sedative, anticholinergic, and cardiovascular effects of nutmeg. Advise using very small amounts (a pinch).

Choking Hazard — Whole Seed: The whole nutmeg seed is hard and could be swallowed by a child, posing a choking or intestinal obstruction risk. Always store whole nutmeg seeds out of reach of young children.

Inhalation Hazard (Grated Dust): When grating nutmeg, fine dust can cause coughing or throat irritation. Grate away from the face, in a well‑ventilated area.

2. FIRST AID MEASURES

Hallucinations or Agitation (Acute Toxicity): If a patient experiences hallucinations, confusion, or agitation after nutmeg ingestion, seek emergency medical care immediately. Do not leave the patient alone. Provide a calm, quiet environment. Do not attempt to restrain unless necessary for safety.

Seizures: If the patient has a seizure, protect the head, clear the area of hard objects, do not put anything in the mouth, and call emergency services. Time the seizure duration.

Inhalation (Grated Nutmeg Dust): If accidental inhalation causes coughing or respiratory irritation, move to fresh air. Seek medical attention if wheezing or difficulty breathing develops.

Eye Contact: If powder particles enter the eyes, flush immediately with copious amounts of cool water for at least 15 minutes. If irritation persists, seek medical advice.

Skin Irritation (Topical Use): If skin becomes irritated after applying nutmeg paste, wash the affected area with cool water and mild soap. Discontinue topical use.

Allergic Reaction (Rare): If hives, facial swelling, difficulty breathing, or vomiting occur after ingestion, discontinue use and administer epinephrine if prescribed. Seek immediate emergency medical care.

3. FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES

Flammability: As a dry, organic product, Whole Nutmeg seeds are combustible and will burn if exposed to an open flame or high heat. The volatile oils make them flammable. Standard kitchen fire safety measures apply.

Extinguishing Media: Use water, foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide (CO₂) for fires involving spice products.

Fire Response: For a small fire in the kitchen (e.g., on a stovetop), turn off the heat source and cover with a pot lid or use a fire extinguisher. For larger fires, evacuate and call emergency services.

Special Protective Equipment for Firefighters: Firefighters should wear self‑contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) when fighting fires involving large quantities of spices, as combustion products may include acrid smoke and respiratory irritants.

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Physical Form: Whole, oval, hard seed, approximately 20-30 mm in length, light brown to dark brown with a wrinkled surface.

Packaging: Available in glass jars, plastic jars, stand‑up resealable pouches, or bulk bags. Common sizes include 25 g, 50 g, 100 g, 200 g, and 500 g.